Changes in Fashion During the 1980s - 521 Words

The 1980 brought the art of being serious grown-up and working, careful makeup and colorful clothes the good the bad and the ugly. Some fashion abandoned history while others bloomed from it; the outlook was original and easygoing with velvet knickers and short cheerleader skirts. Bright colors and huge earrings were an obligation, teased hair, loud makeup were significant parts of the styles. His and her Rolex watches were the defining symbol of the yuppie couple. Short skirts, wide shoulders, and assertive lines linked all of these classic eighties designs for day and night. On the ski slopes the styles and colors of ski pants changed each season and ski boots themselves became more intricate every year. Leotards became high fashion sports had become more about style then game, Sneakers moved from fields to the place of working women. So did power dressing which main basics are various sized shoulder pads, Velcro, glitzy jewelry, silk, wool and cotton and bright colored spiked heel s. Women adapted to men’s clothing for their needs, with various styles of skirt and jacket becoming standard, shoulder pads added the width to the female form and lent an air of authority. Men were concerned about their appearance and looking good. Even underwear became controversial, with debates over boxer shorts, bikini briefs, and jockey shorts. More aftershave, hair products and even makeup were sold. For men, the power suit became common, narrow pinstripes, button down collars and fourShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Evolution of the 1960s and 1980s: Jimi Hendrix1091 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluenced this decade. In the 1980’s, there were also many influential musicians, singers, and songwriters that captivated the thoughts and movements of many people. Music influenced fashion and behavior in the 1960’s and 1980’s and these properties have been recognized throughout the years. Music went through an immense evolution in both of these decades. The fashi on and behavior that derived from music inspirations defined these two decades as individuals. The 1960’s and 1980’s have differences thatRead MoreHollywood Movies And Fashion Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pagesthe capacity to make not just a star of its leading women, but a fashion icon too. From Audrey Hepburn and Grace Kelly to Julia Roberts and Keira Knightley, via Mia Farrow and Catherine Deneuve, some of Hollywood s most successful stars owe a lot to their on-screen style. Moreover, during the 21st century, movies have been a powerful media in which to influence people’s style.   Movies gave society a great way to see vintage fashion, including how to wear period accessories that accompany the clothingRead MoreHow The Silver Screen Affects Women s Fashion Trends?1495 Words   |  6 PagesHow the Silver Screen Affects Women’s Fashion Trends? Today/Throughout History? Silver screen has the capacity to make not just a star of its leading women, but a fashion icon too. From Audrey Hepburn and Grace Kelly to Julia Roberts and Keira Knightley, via Mia Farrow and Catherine Deneuve, some of Hollywood s most successful stars owe a lot to their on-screen style. Moreover, during the 21st century, movies have been a powerful media in which to influence people’s style.   MoviesRead MoreMusic Has Impacted Our World1585 Words   |  7 Pagescultural revolution. During these times, we could see how many artists aimed at these concerns through their lyrics, but the eighties had a big impact in our society. During this decade, The United States felt more liberalistic, and New ideologies were presented to our society, also Sex and drugs became the focus of many of the lyrics expressed by the artists. The eighties were a different decade. People in The United States felt free to achieve anything that they would wanted to. The 1980s reflected theRead MoreMtv : The Decade Of Fashion1513 Words   |  7 Pages The Decade of Fashion Through TV influences people’s fashion, style, and makeup has slowly transformed from bright and bold to neutral tones over the years. Cable television became more accessible in the 1980s and by the middle of the decade 70 percent of the American population has a Cable Television that inspired people to follow popular TV shows’ fashion (Alexander). Dynasty came out as one of the most watched soap operas at the time and people began stealing fashion and makeup ideas from theRead More1950s Fashion Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesFashion for women has become a major part of all decades and has changed constantly from day one. From one decade to another the trends and styles of clothes alternated drastically. The 1950’s started with long, flowy dresses. 1960’s moved to more playful, knee-length dresses. 1970’s was tight fitting clothes and platform shoes. 1980’s was all about bright colors. 1990’s included thrift shop clothes and more of a hip-hop style. Lastly, the 2000’s is all about short skirts and movie orientated clothesRead MorePolitics And Popular Culture During T he 1960s1279 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscovery and learning, the 1980s fought conformity and became a force to be reckoned with. It was now acceptable to express one’s individuality and the time to experiment until a person found out exactly who they were. America in the 1980s was inclined to challenge authority and tradition, as the people were vibing with attitude and vivid thoughts. This newly found confidence was introduce with the electron of Ronald Reagan, generating both social and economic change. Reagan’s restoration of theRead MoreThe Many Changes of Fashion Essay1557 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Fashion? Fashion is a general term used to describe a style of clothing or practice used by people around the world. Fashion refers to anything that is a trend. Self-presentation is the most direct noticeable marker of fashion. Throughout history we have seen many changes in clothing, from the color, to the material used to make it. We have also seen the style in whic h clothing is made change drastically. Fashion communicates meanings that have individual and social significance. SocietyRead MoreThe Origination Of Hip Hop1237 Words   |  5 Pagescarrying the gospel of hip hop. He came of age in the South Bronx during the 1970s and used his charisma to rise to the rank of warlord in a local gang called Black Spades. After traveling to Africa, he decided to borrow a motto from an earlier decade: wage love, not war. He decided to use his influence to turn the Black Spades into a peaceful organization called the Zulu Nation. â€Å"Bambaataa had this vision of hip-hop as a force for social change,† says Chang. â€Å"He had the history and street credibility toRead MoreSocial Factors That Changed The World1366 Words   |  6 Pagesmore people are seen being involved in popular fashion trends and expressing themselves in ways they please because of the affordability. The sharply angled Vidal Sassoon hair style where women cut their hair sho rter and styled it in an angular way. This decade also started the trend of people wanting to look skinnier. Designers preferred models looked younger, thinner, and had longer legs. Social factors occurring at the time also effected fashion and helped represent people’s beliefs. Andrà © Courrà ¨ge

What You Eat Is Your Business Essay - 1140 Words

In Radley Balko’s essay â€Å"What You Eat Is Your Business,† Balko argues that what we put into our bodies is our business, not the government’s, and that personal responsibility should be primary in our nutrition choices. I agree wholeheartedly. However, while I do agree that personal responsibility is paramount, in the new age of the Affordable Care Act (which had not been implemented prior to Balko’s writing), it is becoming hard to say that the government should stay out of my business, when healthcare is now, by law, the government’s business. Critics of personal choice argue, like David Zinczenko does in his essay â€Å"Don’t Blame the Eater,†. These two authors both help me understand each other that the government must regulate the fast food industry similar to how they regulate the tobacco companies. How absurd it is that the government needs to regulate my waistline? Balko declares that government policies are â€Å"bringing government between you and your waistline† (396). While there is no doubt that there is a problem with obesity, Balko hypothesizes correctly that government programs, which are meant to halt obesity, are instead incentivizing it. In the words of Balko â€Å"If the government is paying for my anti-cholesterol medication, what incentive is there for me to put down the cheeseburger?† (397). Further, with new legislation that requires insurers to give healthcare to people regardless of pre-existing, or even self-imposed medical conditions, we have completelyShow MoreRelatedWhat You Eat Is Your Business868 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"What You Eat Is Your Business,† by Radley Balko In the article of Radley Balko, he considers obesity a problem in the nation. Balko believes that it is unhealthy for children to be eating bad food but it’s their choices to eat that food. Balko is saying that if people are eating unhealthy and are having health problems everyone shouldnt have to pay for their health problems. Balko says, â€Å"In other words, bringing the government between you and your waistline.† Basically he is saying that theRead MoreWhat You Eat Is Your Business894 Words   |  4 Pagesfavorable to society as a whole. But on closer investigation, it is easily seen that the governments influence on such a personal matter produces the antithesis of beneficial and ultimately aids in nurturing obesity. In Radley Balko’s essay â€Å"What You Eat Is Your Business†, he is rightfully insists that the anti-obesity regulations and restrictions set by the government wrongfully alleviates American consumers of their individual responsibility f or their own well-being by transforming health care from aRead MoreWhat You Eat Is Your Business1315 Words   |  6 Pageseven the family of 4, finding time to eat a healthy meal fells like it can be impossible. Some might argue everyone can find time to eat a healthy meal, but as a full time college student with a family of 4 with another kid on the way. Even the little time I do have at home doesn’t change that I have not had a chance to get to the store for two weeks to buy food. Given the little time and lack of food, the options can be slim, but fast food addictions can cause you to make bad choices too. So when doesRead Moreâ€Å"What You Eat Is Your Business† reflection1000 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"What You Eat Is Your Business† reflection The common thought of most Americans living in the United States that it is the greatest country on planet earth, and second is not even close. They believe this notion because of the freedoms this great nation was founded on: The freedom of religion, the freedom of speech, the freedom of assembly. These freedoms turn into more simplistic generalities that are assumed and exercised by Americans daily, such as the freedom of choice. Although the freedom ofRead MoreWhat You Eat Is Your Business By Radley Balko863 Words   |  4 Pagesor that Americans have many diseases that contribute to being obese. â€Å"What You Eat is Your Business† by Radley Balko expresses that people are at fault for making such unhealthy food choices. Others argue that the food industry is to blame for being so unhealthy. According to David Zinczenko in â€Å"Don’t Blame the Eater† he blames the fast food industry as well as the consumer. Zinczenko asks â€Å"shouldn’t we know bet ter than to eat two meals a day in fast food restaurant’s?† (392). So, who is to blameRead MoreAnalysis Of What You Eat Is Your Business By Radley Balko833 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"What You Eat Is Your Business† by Radley Balko Your Are In Control It has become common today to dismiss the idea of personal responsibility, however, Radley Balko,   author of â€Å"What You Eat Is Your Business,† has not. The article, published on Monday 23, 2004,on the website Cato Institute, reminds us of the importance and significance of personal responsibility in dealing with obesity.   Additionally, he argues that   government’s   attempt to   restrict American diets and without consumers being   heldRead MoreWhat You Eat Is Your Business By Radley Balko And Junking Junk Food By Judith Warner1223 Words   |  5 PagesWhether or not a person wants a burger and french-fries’ or a salad from the salad bar, the decision should be up to him/her. Two articles share views on food, â€Å"What You Eat Is Your Business† by Radley Balko and â€Å"Junking Junk Food† by Judith Warner. These two authors wrote articles about how they felt about food and how it’s related to obesity. However, Radley Balk o would not approve of Judith Warner’s views on food for the reason that the two authors have different viewpoints on the aspect of theRead MoreWhat You Eat Is Your Business By Radley Balko And Don t Blame The Eater By David Zinczenko Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesWhen it comes to the topic of obesity, most will readily agree that it is a growing dilemma. This argument has many writers bringing different responses. Two explanations are debated in What You Eat is Your Business by Radley Balko and Don’t Blame the Eater by David Zinczenko. Both pieces create a good stance on the topic of obesity. Balko’s piece, however, has a better all around flow, organization and consistency. In Don’t Blame the Eater, David Zinczenko composes his opinion on the fast foodRead MoreNever Eat Alone1360 Words   |  6 PagesNeCaroline Madden Prep for Profession Jonathan Flom 18 March 2013 Never Eat Alone Never Eat Alone by Keith Ferrazzi is extremely applicable to the performing arts business. The book emphasizes on the importance of knowing your own brand, connecting with others, and relating to others on a human level. To be in the acting business, you need to know the package you are going to present yourself with, you need to be able to work well with others, and in the audition room make a human connectionRead MoreThe Problem With Obesity And Obesity995 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever drank a pop or soda? I’m sure most people would answer yes to that question. But a better question is do you really know what is inside the can? Everything we put in our body effects us. From vegetables to doughnuts, everything carries nutritional facts with it. Some are better than others. But one thing is for sure; the nation is in a crisis with obesity. Weight gain is on a rise and more and more of the population is getting bigger and bigger. This can be credited to the nutritional

Human Factors in Organizational Design - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Human Factors in Organizational Design. Answer: Introduction Health and safety regulations are necessary to make sure that every worker works in hazard-free environment. Workplace Health and Safety (WHS), which is often referred to as Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), is the set of regulations and assessment of the risks that may have impact on the health, safety and welfare of the people who work at different workplaces, effectively meaning every employee of the country (Australia, 2014). However, this act encompasses every stakeholder of any organisation and seeks to protect everyones health safety. Business owners and even government organisations are obligated to comply to some legal rules and regulations that are designed towards protecting the health and safety of the people who are involved with the organisation in any way. The following report would be looking into the current WHS conditions of BizOps and give comprehensive and realistic ideas relating to how can the current conditions be made to be better and the policies more integrated into the operations of the company. BizOps Enterprises is dedicated to ensure all of its employees with a safe and secured working environment. Every employee has to feel secured while working here and it is the duty of the organisation to do that. These policies are formed in accordance to the legislative obligations that the company has to the laws and WHS regulations of the state. As a demonstration to this commitment of the organisation, BizOps take prompt action against any and every unhealthy and unsafe working situations. All workers are trained about and communicated to regarding the health and safety practices and procedures of the company. The health and safety representatives of the organisation are selected and appointed according to the state and territorial legislations. These representatives have the authority that are vested by the state legislations. To ensure the workplace health and safety are of the highest standards, BizOps regularly consults on WHS with its staff and employee representatives and a lso, if deemed necessary, with the contractors and suppliers of the company as well. First aid attendant: The company has an attendant who is always on alert and any issue regarding any sort of injury or safety is immediately given attention by the attendant. The attendant is trained by the organisation themselves to equip the personnel with the knowledge and skills to tackle any unpredicted situation that may arise. Emergency evacuation procedure: The company has clear escape plans and routes all over the building and clear directions about the escape routes are put up on the walls of BizOps. This make it easier for the staff to evacuate quicker and calm manner without causing panic. WHS audit: BizOps conducts regular internal audits of its WHS policies to ensure that the procedure and policies are up to the mark and can face adversities in any case. The audits help the organisation to understand if any upgradations are needed or any modifications are required to the existing policies. The organisation also has strict policies regarding reporting of any hazards or incidents that pose to be a threat to or compromise the WHS of BizOps. The entire building is smoke free and fire and smoke detectors are installed everywhere that ensure no fire related hazards happen. BizOps has a WHS policy that adheres to the state legislations and conforms with the laws of the country. However, the existing policies can still be enhanced and a better policy can be adopted. To achieve this, the company has to analyse all aspects and have proper ideas relating to the scope and framework of the issues that may arise. It should be clearly defined what are the responsibilities of the company and how can those be achieved and which strategies may facilitate in this process. The organisation also has tables and charts that segregate and classify every possible type of hazard that may happen in the workplace and also how can they be prevented or tackled. While investigating the past WHS incidents of BizOps, it has been noticed that the staff and employees are almost never consulted about hazard identification or assessment. Their suggestions about forming and developing risk controls are also not taken into account. Moreover, some information is given only to the employees, making it difficult for the work students and interns to know about them and take precautions. BizOps has to come up with a system that would be helpful in making more decisions, where the staff and every employee would be consulted to form the risk assessment and risk control structures. The staff should be consulted and their suggestions and inputs have to considered while forming the new policies of the company. In recent times, BizOps had to grant two employees work offs because they had sustained injuries at the wotrkplace. One was due to prolonged sitting at the computer because the employee was tasked with data entry into the computer, and the other was suffered by a work experience student who had injured her lower back while lifting goods in the warehouse. The two incidents that were recorded in the last months are the two key points that would serve as the basis of the formation of the new policies. These employees are going to be consulted as they would be the best to depict the scenario that happened and can also help to understand what could have been done to prevent them. The suggestions that would be given by these employees would serve as the key components for the new policy outlines. Summary of the key points The specific conditions and situations of the incidents have been recorded and the suggestions and perspectives of these staff have also have been noted down. The WHS policy of BizOps are being overviewed and the occurred instances and the prevailing policies are being compared to understand the discrepancies and gaps that led these to happen in the first place. The new policies should be made and formed after the staff of the organisation are consulted, because they are the persons who face the situations that have potentials for safety hazards. Hence, they would be the most knowledgeable about what are the causes or which things lead to the safety issues. Involving them and consulting the employees would be the best way to create the new WHS policy for BizOps. Hazard report number 1 Area of work Data Entry Date Specific hazard location Data entry desk Reported by Contact phone number Contact email Hazard description: Risk likelihood legend Grade Level of likelihood A Expected (will occur regularly) B Probable (will occur at some stage) C Possible (could occur) D Improbable (could occur but unlikely) E Rare (may occur but in limited situations) Risk impact/ consequence legend Grade Level of impact 1 Insignificant 2 Minor 3 Moderate 4 Major 5 Catastrophic Risk categorisation matrix Level of likelihood Level of impact 1 (Insignificant) 2 (Minor) 3 (Moderate) 4 (Major) 5 (Catastrophic) A (Expected) Medium Medium High Extreme Extreme B (Probable) Medium Medium Medium High Extreme C (Possible) Low Medium Medium High High D (Improbable) Low Low Medium Medium High E (Rare) Low Low Low High Medium Suggested controls: The employee was immediately taken to a doctor, for which the organisation paid. The company also sanctioned for a long leave for the employee to help him recover from the injury sustained Recommended control(s): The employee must first be allowed to treat himself to recover from the injury. That is the foremost priority. The employee should be given the time to regain his strength. The employee should be consulted about what he thinks happened and why did he injure himself The employee must be asked about his ideas and suggestions regarding what could have been done to prevent this situation The new policies can use his suggestions and inputs to form the strategies that can aid in situations like this in the future as well as plans to reduce the possibilities for the occurrence of these situations Person responsible Controls to be completed by: Approved by organisational unit head/officer Completion verified by health and safety representative (HSR) Appropriate training program Based on the risks that relate to computer data operators, BizOps has decided to train all the other operators regarding how to work in a manner that would not cause any such incidents in the future. The operators would be given proper ideas regarding how should they sit and even operate in the office. What should be the right thing to do when an employee feels uncomfortable after working for a long period of time. The computer data entry operators would be given ideas about how can they reduce their own physical pain by using certain techniques. Despite a lot attention being given to the employee safety in BizOps, the focus on the safety of the work experience students is still very low. This needs to be given attention and policies need to be made that would also make the organisation a safe place for the students who come here to gain knowledge. A work experience student injured her lower back from having to shift goods in the warehouse. This cannot be tolerated if the company looks to make it a good and safe working place. The company wishes to change its current condition and make it a point to ensure safety and health security to all of the people involved, including the students who work here for experience. In order to achieve this, BizOps has to train the work experience students and let them know how to use the handbook and the guidelines, so that they can better avoid the situations that can lead to hazardous situations. They also have to trained regarding equipment handling and other potentially hazardous work they execute. Accident at the warehouse Details of incident (e.g. to a worker or visitor) and treatment Date of incident Time of incident Nature of incident Near miss First aid Medical treatment/doctor Name of injured person Mary Smith Activity in which person was engaged at the time of the incident/injury Mary was checking her phone and tripped over a box of documents Exact site location where incident/injury occurred Warehouse Nature of injury, e.g. burn, fracture, sprain Ankle sprain, bumped her head Specific location of injury on body, e.g. upper left arm Ankle, head Treatment given on site First aid, bandage Name of treating person Witnesses to incident Name Phone contact Name Phone contact Description of incident Mary Smith was walking while checking her phone and did not notice the box of documents next to the filling cabinet. She tripped over and sprained her ankle and bumped her head. Immediate response actions (e.g. barricades, isolation of power) to stabilise the situation She was given first aid in the warehouse itself by the first aid attendant. Then she was taken to a local hospital and was given two days off from work. Person reporting Signature Reported to Name Position Name Position Conclusion From the above recommendations and hazard analysis of BizOps, it is evident that the company is on the right way to resolve the issues it has been facing regarding the health and safety issue, in the recent times. BizOps will be changing a lot of its operational policies to make sure that the new WHS policy of the company is more inclusive and gives the employees even more health security, making the company a much safer and secure place to work at. References and bibliography Australia, S. W. (2014). Model Work Health and Safety Regulations 2011.Division 2High Risk Construction WorkSafe Work Method Statements. Australia, S. W. (2014). Work-related traumatic injury fatalities, Australia 2013.ACT: Canberra. Australia, S. W. (2015). Exposure to Multiple Hazards Among Australian Workers.Safe Work Australia, Canberra. Baicker, K., Cutler, D., Song, Z. (2017). Workplace wellness programs can generate savings.Health affairs. Blewett, V., Rainbird, S., Clarkson, L., Etherton, H., Paterson, J. (2014). Strategic engagement: including youth in the development of the Youth Work Health and Safety Strategy for South Australia. InHuman Factors in Organizational Design and Management XI: Nordic Ergonomics Society Annual Conference Proceedings(pp. 711-716). Chan-Mok, J. O., Caponecchia, C., Winder, C. (2014). The concept of workplace bullying: Implications from Australian workplace health and safety law.Psychiatry, Psychology and Law,21(3), 442-456. Chmiel, N., Fraccaroli, F., Sverke, M. (Eds.). (2017).An Introduction to Work and Organizational Psychology: An International Perspective. John Wiley Sons. Dawkins, S., Sanderson, K. (2017). Workplace mental health: An international review of guidelines. Dollard, M. F., Bailey, T. S. (Eds.). (2014).The Australian Workplace Barometer: Psychosocial safety climate and working conditions in Australia. Australian Academic Press. Lay, A. M., Saunders, R., Lifshen, M., Breslin, F. C., LaMontagne, A. D., Tompa, E., Smith, P. M. (2017). The relationship between occupational health and safety vulnerability and workplace injury.Safety science,94, 85-93.

Express Trusts free essay sample

Declaration – where a title holder expresses his or hers intention to hold their property on trust for another. 2)Transfer where title is transferred to a person with instructions that it be held on trust for another. -inter vivos ? occurs during the life of the person (referred to as a ‘settlement’). It may be for consideration or a gift. (NB: Equitable Assignment check list). -post mortem ? occurs after the death of the person (in their will). 3)Direction – where a beneficiary instructs their trustee to hold an interest on trust for another person. Kinds of Trust Trusts are either: 1. Express Trusts (being examined in this lecture). 2. Charitable Trusts 3. Resulting Trusts (intention presumed) 4. Constructive Trusts (used as a remedy) Three Certainties The law of equity states that a trust must satisfy the 3 certainties. If any of the 3 certainties do not eventuate, the trust will fail: ?Certainty of Intention – it must be clear that the settlor or testator/testatrix (person creating a trust) wanted the trust to exist. We will write a custom essay sample on Express Trusts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ?Resulting (intention presumed) and Constructive (used as a remedy) trusts are immune from this certainty. Intention does NOT need to be expressed through the word ‘trust’. Only the elements of a trust need to be present. Commissioner of Stamp Duties v Joliffe (1920) 28 CLR 178 -At this stage Qld law stated that a person could only have 1 bank account. -Joliffe set up a 2nd bank account, as a ‘trust account’ for his wife. -When Joliffe’s wife died, death taxes/duties were owed on the account. -Joliffe went to court and argued that he lied and wasn’t actually holding the account on trust for his wife – it was for him. HC agreed with Joliffe. -Rule: If it is possible for the creator of the trust to display to the court that he never/did intend for a trust to exist, the presence or absence of the words ‘trust’ or ‘trustee’ is irrelevant. -Clean Hands: There appears to be an issue here of equity’s requirement that all parties relying on equity have ‘clean’ hands (issue seemed to have been ignored here). -Evidence: Burden of proof will fall on whoever wants to prove a trust is in existence. ~Inter vivos trust? ritten evidence or oral evidence will be accepted. Factors that will be important in determining whether or not a quistclose trust exists include: (a) the presence of a separate bank account and; (b) letters indicating intention. Barclays Bank Ltd v Quistclose Investments Ltd [1970] was incorporated into Australia law through Classifying the Quistclose Trust: ?QC paid the money to RR, who is the beneficiary? ? must be shareholders? Hence if RR liquidates, than money should go to shareholders, not QC. ?Ford Lee ? mutual intention in Quistclose was that if company was an ongoing concern, dividends should be paid. If you examine judgment in Quistclose there is no mention of such a condition. ?Camerson Stewart’s argument in RSL ? the creditors in Quistclose don’t receive any beneficial interest (based on Justice Brighton’s argument in Mercantile Mutual v Farrington 1996). ?Twinsectra ? case in House of Lords, rejected the concept of a trust with two limbs. -It removed Quistclose Trust from the category of express tr usts all together. Travel agency was collecting airfare bookings and passing airfare funds onto airline. When travel agency went broke, the airlines argued that the funds held by the travel agency, were held on trust for the airline. -NSW Court of Appeal found there was a trust of the funds in question. -Problem: Customers of the airline had no intention of creating a trust. However this was deemed irrelevant as the contractual agreement between the airline and the travel agency had created an express trust for the funds. Issue in both Re Kayford Ltd (in liq) and Stephens ? The certainty of intention element was violated as these cases basically state that it’s not necessary for the settlor (testator/testatrix) to provide intention.

Abina and the Important Men free essay sample

Abina and the Important Men: a Graphical History was written by Trevor R. Getz and Liz Clarke. The story of Abina Mansah is somewhat an inspiring graphical history based on an 1876 court transcript. Abina, a woman of West Africa, was wrongfully enslaved and as a consequence, she took her former master, Quamina Eddoo, to court. The overall setting took place on the Gold Coast during the 19th century. The main scenes take place in the court room, which is filled with many â€Å"important men. † The men included a British judge, two Euro African attorneys, countrymen, and an entire jury of wealthy, high class local town leaders. This book is broken down into several parts; the graphical history, transcript, historical context, reading guide, and classroom version. All of these parts combined help to reconstruct and create a better interpretation of the story of Abina Mansah. The Gold Coast at this time was under English rule as the British began to abolish slavery. We will write a custom essay sample on Abina and the Important Men or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Abina was born into one of the protectorates, Asante, and enslaved in her youth. She was formerly the wife of Yaw Awoah and sold to her former master, Quamina Eddoo, to begin working in his sister Eccoah’s household. While staying at Eddoo’s plantation, Abina was told she had to marry, against her will, Tando. Tando was a man of Eddoo and because Abina didn’t want to marry him, she was told if she didn’t she would be flogged. â€Å"They say that in Cape Coast all are free. †(Chapter 1 page 7) Knowing this, Abina decided to escape her master to find freedom at a local market. At the market, she met a lady who offered to help her. Abina found out that she needed a paper saying that she was free, but in order to get that piece of paper, she needed a job and a place to stay so she’d belong. The lady then directed her to an â€Å"important man†, James Davis. â€Å"Well, it’s true that there is no legal slavery here in Cape Coast, or throughout the colony and protectorate. But look, the government doesn’t have the money or the ability to enforce the laws everywhere,† Davis told Abina. (Chapter 1, page 10) Davis agreed to present Abina’s case to a magistrate, but the only problem was that Quamina Eddoo was an important man who grew palm oil. Davis reminded Abina that even though all were free, Eddoo was an important man and the British didn’t like to alienate important men. Following, the magistrate, William Melton, agreed to hear the case and sent at Quamina Eddoo on the charge of slavery. The trial started and Abina was questioned as to why she believed she was a slave. Abina responded saying, â€Å"They held me down, and cut my beads, and I was told that I was to be their amperley-their slave. † (Chapter 2, page 24) Throughout the court case and Abina’s flashback to the court, the men of the court strived to somehow imposed their own meanings and understandings of slavery upon Abina and silence her. As mentioned earlier, Abina wanted to punish her master, Eddoo for wrongly enslaving her. Abina wasn’t as educated as the important men hearing her case, but she truly believed she was a slave. She expressed herself in her own language which wasn’t clearly understood by the important men of the court. Because she lacked education causing her to contradict, become confused or inaccurately answer the questions, Eddoo’s lawyer and the men began to create a difference between being a slave and acting upon free will like a slave. The magistrate, Mr. Melton, asked Abina if during her stay with Eccoah and Quamina Eddoo, was she â€Å"compelled to work against her will. † (Chapter 3, page 30) Confused, Abina responded by asking what was meant by the phrase â€Å"against her will. † Mr. Davis reworded the question to ask if she had been forced to do work or if she had chosen to do the work. â€Å"In some instances, she told me to do so and I did it. Other times, I acted of my own accord. †(Chapter 3, page 30) Abina was then asked if all other workers and servants were slaves. Abina didn’t respond in the likings of the important men. â€Å"Are you aware that everybody in the protectorate is freed and that those people you saw in the defendant’s house are as free as the defendant, or Mr. Davis, or I,† said Eddoo’s lawyer. (Chapter 3, page 35) Infuriated, Abina claimed that most of the workers in the house were children of slaves and had no say in the situation at hand. Slaves were unpaid and Abina received no monetary funds, but only cloth and food. The defendants claimed, â€Å"In fact, it’s pretty obvious that you were paid, in cloth and in food.† (Chapter 5, page 61) Abina still believed she was a slave because she could no longer do as she pleased, maintain health, take care of herself independently, or marry who she pleased. â€Å"When a free person is sitting down at ease the slave is working. † (Page 119) Abina may have been an empowering, fearless woman, but over all she lacked legal understanding of slavery causing her to look uneducated and supporting the belief that women aren’t equal to men. From the examples provided so far, the readers also can see how language and words used play an important role in the minds of the important men. For this reason, Abina lost her case against Quamina Eddoo; however, Abina’s ultimate goal was to be heard and to finally overcome the historical silencing for herself and her class. â€Å"All day, all over the Gold Coast colony and protectorate, people go about their business. They do so with the help of numerous enslaved children. Every day, more and more are brought in from outside the protectorate. English justice was supposed to eliminate slavery but instead it has just shifted it onto the backs of children, who have become safer slaves to own than adults.† (Chapter 6, page 67) Abina grew to believe this. She knew she was wrongfully enslaved in her youth. She knew she wanted her own freedom. But most importantly she knew that she wanted her voice to be heard! Abina shared with Davis that this entire case was never about being safe or winning, it was about being heard. â€Å"I went to court so that I could say what needed to be said. So that they would hear how my life was. But now I know that nobody heard me. Now I know that I might as well have kept silent. † (Chapter 6, page 74) Abina felt defeated. She had lost the case and believe her voice wasn’t heard. But according to the stages proposed by philosopher and historian Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Abina’s voice was heard. According to Trouillot, history is an act of silencing in which those without power are silenced and those with power aren’t. (Chapter 6, page 75) He proposed that silencing occurs in four stages, which support the evidence that Abina was heard. The first stage of silencing according to Trouillot is as followed, â€Å"Some people’s perspectives never get recorded.† (Page 120) However, Abina’s perspective was heard and recorded as a transcript of the court. Secondly, â€Å"not all records that are put into archived are saved; some documents get thrown away, others deteriorate, often because they are considered to have little value. † (Page 120) However, the transcript of Abina’s voice wasn’t destroyed. Thirdly, â€Å"historians choose to feature some s ources and voices and to ignore others when they write about the past. †(Page 120) However, Getz didn’t ignore Abina’s story and with the help of Clarke’s illustrations, recreated her past. Finally, the last stage according to Trouillot, was â€Å"some accounts of the past come to be seen as â€Å"classics† or â€Å"important,† while others are discounted. † (Page 120) However, Abina’s perspective may have seemed unimportant to the important men in court but her will to testify in court reversed her silence. Abina may have been silenced during the first stages of the process, however she has been redeemed. We all can hear her story! In closing, Abina’s story was never meant to be told but the author’s gave life to Abina Mansah. Abina was wrongfully slaved, but she fought for her freedom and she was able to overcome the historical silencing of young, enslaved women. Abina’s story shows how important enforcing slavery abolitionism affects the social structure of the world. However, providing the transcript, sifting through the information, and recreating the story graphically through context and guides really allowed me to identify with Abina and her struggle. Despite all the odds against her, Abina became more educated about slavery and in turn, allowed her voice to be heard. Abina and the Important Men was awesome! Abina and the important men free essay sample This graphic novel was a very interesting and unique take on history and on how it’s traditionally told. The story is based on a young African slave girl, named Abina Mansah, in the nineteenth century. Most of the events that occur in the book take place in West Africa and more specifically in the Gold Coast Colony. It’s based on the real-life event of Abina’s trial against Quamina Eddo, who was a powerful and wealthy man. She believed that she was wrongfully enslaved. She wanted her voice to be heard and decided that she would take this man to court. The only problem with this was that he grew palm oil, which at the time was vital component of Britain’s growing industrial production. Therefore, bringing him to court was a big deal. They were walking a very fine line in doing so, but in the same token they had to honor the new laws that they passed abolishing slavery. We will write a custom essay sample on Abina and the important men or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page None the less, William Melton, the acting judicial assessor, decided to give the girl a shot in court to prove Eddo guilty of wrongfully enslaving her. The account goes on to tell of the events that occurred in court. Abina tells her account of what had occurred and is questioned about her experience by Eddo’s attorney, her own attorney, and Melton. She states that she was left by her old master in the hands of Eddo, but that her old master was going to return for her later. While staying at Eddo’s plantation with his sister she was approached by his sister and was told that she was going to have to marry a man, Tando, against her will. She told them that she didn’t like the man and wouldn’t marry him. With this she was threatened and told that if she didn’t marry him then she would be flogged. After she was told this she ran away and knew that she wanted her story to be heard. This is why she had come to Cape Coast to be free. In the end Quamina Eddo was found innocent of enslaving Abina. She was very upset by this news and stated that all she wanted was to be heard. She wanted to go to the court so that she could say what needed to be said. She wanted them to know how her life was. In the second half of the book you can find the original transcripts that tell you exactly of what was said during the trial. You can also find a section on the historical context, a reading guide, and a classroom guide. Personally, I thoroughly enjoyed this graphic novel. It was a really creative twist on the usual context of how history is normally told! I think that it kept me more interactive in the story and engaged. The main reason I enjoyed the book, along with many others I’m sure, is the story being focused on an unlikely person in history. Abina was just a normal girl in history. She was a slave girl who didn’t have any fancy education, nor was she wealthy or powerful. Basically, she was kind of like you or me in the grand scheme of world history. We don’t hold any important role in history, yet we make up the majority of people in the history of our time. Its a wild thing to think about. It really makes you think about all of the history that was lost throughout the years! Who knows what other occurrences happened that, due to lack of good documentation or preservation was lost. What’s even worse to consider is that throughout history there were people who took it upon themselves to decide what was important and what was not. This is one thing I’d like to bring up in class to discuss. Another thing that I would like to discuss is timely question of how people can so easily ignore what is right? For instance the men that were on the jury and William Melton knew that Abina was most likely a slave. Even if she was labeled so, she was still being forced to marry a man that she didn’t want to. This leads me to my next question, was she really a slave? My answer to that is a yes I believe, but I still would like to hear what others opinions are. As a girl, I can’t help but side with Abina on this matter. Not only were they attempting to force her to marry someone else, but they were essentially taking her freedom away to choose her own path in life. No one likes to be told what to do and I admire her determination and courage in trying to give a voice to those who couldn’t speak up for themselves. All in all this was a great book and I am really happy that you introduced us to it! It definitely made me consider all the voices that have gone unheard throughout history, but now I am left with only more questions about the history of our world and what it all means!

Aircraft crash and emergency management Essay Example

Aircraft crash and emergency management Essay Example Aircraft crash and emergency management Essay Aircraft crash and emergency management Essay Abstraction This is an over position of United Airlines Flight 232. This is about a DC-10 that was holding mechanical troubles and landed at the nearest airdrome possible. The airdrome it landed at was a Category 6 airdrome. This airdrome was excessively little for this type of aircraft. The aircraft so landed at full accelerator. Flight 232 United Airlines Flight 232 was en-route from Denver to Chicago on the 19 July 1989. During the flight there was a loud noise that was coming from the tail mounted engine. At the clip of the incident the crew heard the noise but did non cognize that the engine fan assembly had came apart with adequate force and severed through the right horizontal stabilizer. In this same country was a 10 inch broad path that all three hydraulic systems shared. When the engine cut through this it caused the aircraft to lose all three hydraulic systems that power all the flight controls on the aircraft. The crew still had control of the other two engines but no flight control power. This would hold command the flight surfaces i.e. flaps, perpendicular and horizontal stabilizers. So with this being realized the crew so started utilizing the accelerators to command the aircraft. They powered one engine to full power and throttled the other back. This helped keep the necessary header but increased velocit y greatly for all landing intents. Next the crew found the closest airdrome that they could set down the plane at. The crew found Sioux City Gateway Airport, besides known as Colonel Bud Day Field, is located 6 stat mis south of Sioux City and west of Sergeant Bluff, in Woodbury County, Iowa. This airdrome is considered a Category 6 airdrome. Sioux Gateway Airport covers a monolithic country of 2,460 estates this contains two tracks: 13/31 with a concrete surface mensurating 9,002 ten 150 foot and 17/35 with an asphalt surface mensurating 6,600 ten 150 foot ( US DOT A ; FAA, 2010 ) . I could non happen any information from day of the month of the accident but for the 12-month period stoping April 30, 2006, the airdrome had 30,726 aircraft operations, an norm of 84 per twenty-four hours: 65 % general air power, 19 % military and 16 % scheduled commercial. There are 67 aircraft based at this airdrome: 66 % individual engine, 19 % jet aircraft, 13 % military and 1 % choppers. This peculiar landing field is a double usage airdrome. Meaning that both civilian and Air National Guard usage this airdrome. The ARFF services provided for the airdrome are provided by the Air National Guard ( US DOT A ; FAA, 2010 ) . The National Fire Protection Association ( NFPA ) classifies this as a class six for their current ARFF capablenesss. After making some probe, and traveling under the ( NFPA 403 ) there are really two different class 6s. There is a 6a and a 6b, the intent for the two different class 6s is for snuff outing agent capablenesss. The one large difference that I can state between the two is that the 6b demands to be able to manage a dual decked aircraft. The installation, which is certificated under Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) ordinances 14 CFR 139, as an Index B airdrome ( Boucher, 2003 ) . The index is based on the largest aeroplane with an norm of five or more scheduled day-to-day goings ; the ordinances stipulate the minimal degree of firefighting equipment and agents for each index. For SUX, Index B was based on an aeroplane equivalent to the Boeing 737-200 series and requires a minimal 1,500 gallons of H2O for froth production. An airdrome functioning McDonnell Douglas DC -10 series aeroplanes and would necessitate more than double the measure of fire snuff outing agents required for an Index B airdrome ( Boucher, 2003 ) . With that being said and a nice feeling for the land work of the landing field. I was able to happen a picture of the plane coming in for its landing. I was really surprised to happen one and besides really lucky here is a nexus and I would advice to watch the undermentioned nexus: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dailymotion.com/video/x5yztk_1989-sioux-city-crash_news. The aircraft landing was originally planned for the 9,000 pes Runway 31. There were several troubles in commanding the aircraft. This made run alonging up the aircraft in its current status about impossible. While dumping all most of the extra fuel if non all, the plane executed a series of largely right-hand bends ( it was easier to turn the plane in this way ) the purpose was being able to be easy line up with runway 31. When the air crew came out of there right manus bends, they were left with an attack on the shorter Runway 22, this was merely a 6,600 pess over half a mile shorter, with small or no capacity to s teer. Fire trucks had already been placed on track 22, the clang trucks were expecting a landing on track 31, this caused a monolithic scuffle as the trucks rushed out of track 31 over to runway 22 ( Conroy, 2005 ) . The pilot did his best to go on and seek and command the aircraft s loss of height by seting engine push. With the loss of all fluid mechanicss, the pilot was unable to command any sort of airspeed, that being said the sink rate was really high. When it came in for concluding descent, the aircraft was approaching 240 knots and droping at 1850 pess per minute, while a safe landing would necessitate 140 knots and 300 pess per minute ( NTSB 1990 ) . The aircraft began to drop faster while on concluding attack and began swerving to the right. The really tip of the right wing was the first thing to hit the track ; this began sloping fuel and ignited instantly. The tail subdivision so broke off from the blunt force of the impact and sent the remainder of flight 232 bounce several times. This shredded the landing cogwheel and engines, eventually interrupting the fuselage into several chief pieces. On the concluding impact the right wing was sheared away and the chief portion of the aircraft skidded sideways, turn overing into its concluding place over on to its dorsum, and slid to a halt upside down in a maize field to the right side of track 22 ( NTSB 1990 ) . The picture of the clang showed the fire right flying toppling end-over-end, but if you watched the picture it is really hard to do this out. Major dust from Engine # 2 and other parts from the tail constructions of the plane, were subsequently found on farming area near Alta, Iowa. The beastly force of this clang caused pieces of the aircraft to set down about 60 stat mis north-east of Sioux City ( NTSB 1990 ) . This is where things get a small intense. The ARFF s ability to continuously remain on top of the station clang fire near the aircrafts right flying root would be a major factor. The probe besides identified several lacks in the current design and operation of the Kovatch A/S32P-18 ( P-18 ) H2O supply vehicle, the absence of FAA demands to regularly trial fire service vehicles at their maximal discharge capacity, every bit good as holds in rectifying reported lacks in Kovatch P-18 fire service vehicles ( Kolstad 1990 ) . There were two ARFF vehicles that were foremost to get at the scene of the accident. They began a mass application of snuff outing froth instantly. The underside of the fuselage, besides known as the bell of the plane was blanketed with froth. The froth cover temporarily suppressed the fire during the emptying of riders and crew ( Remember the plane is belly up ) . Harmonizing to NTSB pproximately nine proceedingss after the set downing both ARFF vehicles had ran out of H2O, a P-18 H2O supply vehicle was positioned next to the two ARFF vehicles, and a 2 1/2-inch hosiery was connected between the P-18 and each vehicle. When the P-18 H2O pump was charged to its maximal capacity of 500 gallons per minute, a limitation developed in the vehicle s tank-to-pump hosiery that stopped all H2O flow to the two ARFF vehicles ( NTSB, 1990 ) . Therefore, the airdrome s primary onslaught vehicles could non be replenished with H2O to go on assailing the fire. Two Sioux City Fire Department pumper tru cks later resupplied the airdrome s ARFF vehicles. On a side note we had discussed this really thing about holding the local fire section holding the ability to refill an airdrome in instance of an accident and this is a perfect illustration of a local section that most probably saved the twenty-four hours. The chief thing that I could non happen was if the local fire section of all time trained with the airdrome crew. However, during this hold of about 8 proceedingss, no snuff outing agent was applied to the fuselage, and the fire at the aeroplane s right wing root ( the original foaming topographic point ) intensified. Soon thenceforth, fire penetrated the cabin, ensuing in privy fires that could non be attacked by exterior fire contending tactics. This was due to the deficiency of entree to the fire being on the interior of the aircraft. Despite efforts to progress manus lines to the inside of the aeroplane, the fire intensified inside the cabin and burned out of control for appr oximately 2 1/2 hours ( Kolstad 1990 ) . The Kovatch P-18 H2O supply vehicle has no foam-producing capableness, therefore why it s a H2O supply vehicle. As Kolsatd said it is designed chiefly to provide H2O to the primary ARFF vehicles. It is certified by the maker of a H2O capacity of 2,000 gallons and a maximal H2O pump discharge rate of 500 gallons per minute ( Kolsad 1990 ) . In September 1988, the Iowa Air National Guard purchased the P-18 through the Air Force and placed it in service at SUX. It was learned that during the 2 old ages after this accident occurred that the Air Force had purchased 210 Kovatch P-18 H2O supply vehicles. The research workers besides learned that some P-18 s are based at joint-use airdromes that are certified by the FAA as holding ARFF capablenesss in conformity with 14 CFR 139. This was evidently incorrect they merely had H2O refilling capablenesss. The H2O supply vehicle was listed in the SUX airdrome enfranchisement manual, the airdrome fire head testified at the Safety Board s hearing th at the vehicle had neer been tested to its maximal discharge capacity of 500 gpm ( NTSB 1990 ) . At this point I tried really diligently to happen what are the requirements for their vehicle proving frequence ( for that specific vehicle from the maker ) . The lone thing that I could happen is that they fell under the FAA s ordinances. I truly wanted to cognize if that vehicle needed to be tested at full discharge daily, hebdomadal, monthly etc. The job here was that the fire head relied on the maker s pre-delivery mill trials of the pump s ability to dispatch 500 gpm with two 2 1/2-inch lines attached. But no testing of their ain was of all time done to verify this. Besides the fire head stated that, SUX tested the P-18 weekly at nominal force per unit area, this was less than 500 gpm. During the National Transportation Safety Board s probe, the P-18 s tank-to-pump suction hosiery assembly, a soft, 11-inch by 4 1/2-inch indoors diameter Gates rubber hosiery, was removed from the vehicle and examined at the SUX installations. The full scrutiny showed that the 2-inch internal polyvin 1 Kovatch ( maker ) stated that the internal stiffener in the soft hosiery assembly is required to forestall the hosiery from fall ining ( NTSB 1990 ) . Kovatch besides stated that the stiffener was installed by a imperativeness tantrum in the centre of the hose alternatively of being welded or made out of a different stuff. This lead to the scru tiny of the revolved stiffener, this strongly suggests that when the P-18 operator attempted to resupply the both ARFF vehicles by utilizing the two 2 1/2 inch hosieries, with the pump set to its upper limit operating capacity, there was a fleeting high force per unit area rush had occurred within the tank-to-pump piping system that caused the stiffener to travel and revolve to a place that blocked the flow of H2O to the pump ( NTSB 1990 ) . While looking at the susceptibleness of the internal stiffener to displace and rotate, the Safety Board found that the stiffener s length was about half the internal diameter of the soft suction hosiery and in head this would make a obstruction on its ain being half the diameter if non merely decelerate the volume of the H2O to the truck down. The shorter length of the stiffener caused it non to be clamped, this allowed it free to revolve and barricade the flow of H2O and it cause it to skid toward the pump consumption. This by its ego could do obstruction or failure in the system. This caused the Safety Board to be concerned that the design of the P-18, which uses a soft suction hosiery at a much critical location up watercourse of the vehicles pumps and this makes it extremely susceptible to blockage ( NTSB 1990 ) . Not merely in the P-18 is this construct used but in other pumpers manufactured by Kovatch. There needs to be a hose made of more stiff stuff, this would hold null in voided the demand for an internal stiffener or an improved design. It is necessary to cut down the opportunities of hose obstruction regardless of operating conditions. Kolstad stated on February 15, 1989, a P-18 operated by the Air Force at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, was unable to provide H2O to an ARFF vehicle during a pumping operation. It was determined that the A/S32P-18 armored combat vehicle suction line was restricted by a PVC stiffener inside the gum elastic suction line, and they installed a clinch around the hosiery and PVC to keep it in topographic point ( Kolstad, 1990 ) . On August 16, 1989, a similar P-18 lack was found at Malstrom Air force Base, Montana. Discussions with the Air Force, Kovatch issued Technical Service Bulletin 86-KFT5-P-18-5, dated August 21, 1989. This called for the remotion o f the armored combat vehicle to pump hosiery assembly installed on all 210 A/S32P-18 vehicles and this caused for the replacing of the hosiery assembly with a new armored combat vehicle to pump hosiery assembly. This one had a 4 inch PVC internal stiffener, much stronger than the original. This caused Kovatch agreed to carry on all the providing alteration kits straight to all air bases whose references were provided by Warner Robins Air Logistics Center ( Kolstad 1990 ) . August 22, 1989, the Air Force issued a Materials Deficiency Report this caused a erstwhile trial of all Kovatch P-18 vehicles. This would demo if the stiffener installed in the hosiery had rotated laterally 90 grades or non. The maximal pump discharge rate of 500 gpm, along with the replacing of the faulty 2-inch stiffener with the greater 4-inch stiffener. This allowed 30 yearss, eight Air Force bases had rapidly responded that trials found similar lacks to those described ( NTSB, 1990 ) . Now back to the clang. From the deficiency of proper processs being followed and running out of agent. Of the 296 people on board, 111 died in the clang. The bulk were killed by hurts sustained in the multiple impacts ( as you could see by the picture ) , several in the in-between fuselage subdivision straight above the fuel armored combat vehicles died from fume inspiration in the post-crash fire. I was really surprised that anybody surprised from this clang, from the picture I thought everybody was done. This portion of the fire burned for longer than it might hold but due to the monolithic holds in the firefighting attempts. Most of the 185 subsisters that were seated right behind first category and in front of the wings. There were many riders that were able to walk out through the ruptures through the construction. Several instances of persons got lost in the high field of maize adjacent to the track until rescue workers arrived on the scene and escorted them to safety ( NTSB 19 90 ) . Of the riders of flight 232: 35 died due to smoke inspiration ( None was in first category ) , 75 died for grounds other than smoke inspiration ( 17 were in first category ) , 41 were earnestly injured ( 8 were in first category ) , 121 had minor hurts ( 1 was in first category ) , 13 had no hurts ( None were in first category ) ( Conroy, 2005 ) . The riders who died for grounds other than smoke inspiration were seated in rows 1-4, 24-25, and 28-38. Passengers who died due to smoke inspiration were seated in rows 14, 16, and 22-30. A individual assigned to 20H moved to an unknown place and died due to smoke inspiration. One individual died 31 yearss after the accident ; the NTSB classified his hurts as serious. Fifty-two kids, including four lap kids, were on board the flight due to the United Airlines Children s Day publicity. This was really dry and really sad at the same clip to hear. Eleven kids, including one lap kid, died. Many of the kids had traveled entirely ( Conroy, 2005 ) . In decision I am grateful figure one for being able to happen the picture of this specific accident. With the picture I was able to to the full understand and see the incident. It merely was nt another narrative out of a book. The interviews with the subsisters showed how existent this state of affairs was and what was traveling through their head during this important clip. Mentions Boucher B. ( 2003 ) Report of the Committee on Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/ROP/403-A2003-rop.PDF Conroy, M. T. ( 2005 ) Aircraft Accidents that Caused Major Changes to Emergency Response Equipment and Procedures. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/Member % 20Sections/ConroyPaper.pdf Kolstad, J. L. , ( 1990 ) . NTSB Safety Recommendation. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ntsb.gov/Recs/letters/1990/A90_147_150.pdf NTSB ( 1990 ) Aircraft Accident Report of Flight 232. hypertext transfer protocol: //libraryonline.erau.edu/online-full-text/ntsb/aircraft-accident-reports/AAR90-06.pdf United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration ( 2010 ) Airport Master Record, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gcr1.com/5010web/REPORTS/SUX.pdf

Tata Motors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Tata Motors - Essay Example This report seeks to analyze the new product development process of Tata Motors. The challenges faced by the management team during the innovation stages are explored thus the systems and processes applied by Tata Motors in ensuring that they respond appropriately to the pressure for change, and capturing an unmovable position in the increasingly competitive marketplace. The steps taken to ensure that a sustainable competitive advantage is maintained are assessed. In conclusion, a lot can be learnt from Tata Motor and can be summarized as follows. 1. The Carlsberg - Tetley techniques have been applied to ensure that a culture of consistent quality, innovation and continuous improvement and thus, emerge as the customer’ premiere choice. 2. An effective culture is characterized by a breakthrough process, creative flips, positivity, unity of purpose and vision and staff training. 3. It is important to participate in Corporate Social Responsibility and environmental conservation efforts. 4. There is a need for market research and ensure improvement to remain relevant to the consumer. 5. Change must be seen as a continuous and gradual process that is usually met with daunting challenges. 6. A strategic venture into acquisitions and joint ventures are instrumental in entering in entering and expanding into different market segments. 7. Resources must be allocated towards continued research, technological, strategic acquisitions, and marketing. 8. The company’s structure should have fewer divisions but a larger number of business units.

The Ballets Russes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Ballets Russes - Research Paper Example Uniting different forms of art one artistic whole that organizes the material and spiritual environment is what artistic synthesis is all about. This concept implies the creation of a qualitatively and new phenomenon or art that cannot then be reduced to the sum of its original component sums. The new product becomes the imaginative, the compositional and the ideological unity of these components that form the various parts. Be they music, painting or dance. The Ballets Russes became the first internationally performing dance company that featured an intricate design by several outstanding artists, a variety of choreographers and a blend of music and beautiful synthesis of art. The common effect in space and time arrangements, the unity of the various components, their proportion, their coordination in scale and the rhythm generate several marvelous and variable artistic qualities. These enhance the apprehension of art and establish an idea that is developed on several planes. The sy nthesis of art has a comprehensive and emotional effect on the person who encounters it, appealing to several of his senses all at once. This concept has had many great educational and social possibilities that have been adopted by a number of productions and performances through the history of performance. There are various syntheses that have been practiced throughout the history of art. For instance, monumental art and architecture have always been united leading to the creation of an artistic synthesis where painting and sculpture, while still performing their own tasks, have also enhanced and interpreted the work of architecture in itself. This form of plastic and spatial synthesis sometimes also includes the decorative art that is applied to bring out the environment of man, his desires and pleasure. It is this aspect of art that the Ballet Russes maximized on. The Ballets Russes There has been a history of synthesis of the temporal arts such as poetry and music that are chara cterized by different genres of vocals such as: popular song, cantata, art song, opera, and oratio. There are several works that have utilized this concept to create an innovative form of art. These include motion picture, theater and of course ballet. Painting, music and dance are synthetic in their own nature. In uniting the creative works of the painter, the singer and the dance, a whole new world of art is aesthetically united (Jordan & Lopukhov, p. 24). These are the possibilities that were utilized by the Ballets Russes. The Ballets Russes, also known as the Russian Ballets, was a travelling ballet company from Russia that performed from 1909 to 1929 in several countries. It was directed by Sergei Diaghilev and is regarded as one of the greatest ballet companies, if not the greatest, in the 20th century (Brewer, Diaghilev’s Golden Age; Culture24.org). His work was based on the philosophy that â€Å"art is free and life is paralyzed.† It is important to note that by this time, Diaghilev had already enjoyed success in Paris a year before, in 1908 before his company originally started to perform. In that year, he presented to the Parisians a season of the Russian art, their music and opera. It is this presentation that got him the invitation the following year to present ballet and opera. The dancers of Ballets Russes came from the ballet school in St. Petersburg, the Imperial Ballet. After the Russian Revolution several Russians were exiled to Paris. This formed the training ground for the next generation of dancers. They featured a variety of works from a variety of artists. When the director died the company’s dancers scattered and its assets were claimed by creditors. It was later revived under the name Ballet Russ de Monte Carlo by Colonel Wassily de Basil and an associate Rene Blum in 1932. The company combined new art, dance and music and created a sensation that reached all the corners of the world.

United Cereal Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

United Cereal Case study - Essay Example The Launch of Eurobrand would lead to the loss of United Cereals priority; these are the customers (Barlett and Carole 2011). However, this will mean a drop in production and marketing cost by 10-15% in 3 years. As the United Cereals are the first to introduce such an idea, it will guarantee them a substantial market penetration (Barlett and Carole 2011). My concern is that the panel will not represent all the views of the diverse European market. This would be rectified by changing the organizational structure that exists within the United Cereals. It should be more flexible. Lora should authorize the launch of Health Berry Crunch as a Eurobrand as there are far more advantages than disadvantages. The recommendations could be implemented by trying to get the support of the United Cereals’ management. The management should be comfortable with the Eurobrand Team. They should not be in a position that they feel their authority is challenged. Eurobrand Teams will provide a platform for United Cereals to grow. Based on the proposal its formation would reduce the cost of production while increasing

Analysis Of The Characteristics Of Online Fashion Shoppers Marketing Essay

Analysis Of The Characteristics Of Online Fashion Shoppers Marketing Essay Online fashion shopping is a segment of e-commerce that has both a large consumer marketbase and an ever-progressing curve of technology information development. The elements that go into market research for shopping online involve two main aspects: the consumer and technology, as discrete yet related elements. There has been much research conducted which explores both facets, and research which has attempted to view the impact of one area on the other. Consumer behavior in the online marketplace has typically been reported as influenced mainly by the factor of convenience. If it is convenient, then the consumer will favor online shopping. Technology has been most often cited to influence consumer shopping behavior if it is easy to use. Both the consumer and the technology element have undergone an evolution that is not yet finished in terms of defining market elements. As technology develops, so too that influence consumer behavior, which in turn influences technology, and so on. Va rious consumer models have evolved to explain online shopping behavior, and for the purposes of the following research thesis, both the utilitarian and hedonistic motivation models are referenced and applied. Additionally, various technology acceptance models have been posited as antecedents in defining consumer behavior for online shopping. A description of some commonly utilized models is provided in this thesis, though no one model is utilized here. However, elements of the technology acceptance models that are fairly ubiquitous across the models are utilized, those chiefly being the perceived ease of use (of technology) and the perceived benefit to the consumer of utilizing the technology (here, online fashion shopping). This research thesis looks at personal characteristics as they influence various behaviours and attitudes toward online fashion shopping. A survey questionnaire is used as the data gathering instrument. Responses are reported as frequencies and cross-tabulations . A discussion on the findings is offered in both the section on the analysis and in the conclusion of this thesis. CHAPTER 1: Introduction: Concepts, Issues, and Definitions Statement of Purpose The purpose of this research paper is to examine the attitudes and characteristics of people who use the internet to engage in online-shopping to determine if there are personal or demographic factors that influence online fashion shopping. Various technology acceptance models are examined and utilized to elucidate those factors of the consumer that drive their online fashion shopping behavior (Zhou, Dai, Zhang, 2007). The importance of this issue has its foundations in the growing prevalence in web-based consumerism. Research into online consumer shopping behavior tends to focus on either the technology aspect or the consumer aspect. These two approaches are but mirrors of each other, with data from each aspect used to tweak marketing and technology elements. While a great deal of online shopping research concerns the web interface and how it is perceived by users and how that influence their buying behavior, there is also a great deal of research on consumer behavior, including demographics. The relevance of this particular research project approaches the topic from the consumer end, through examining their actual personal attributes and characteristics, with influencing factors as found in the technology aspect. Consumers, in this case online fashion shoppers, have choices in their shopping preferences, which is of primary interest to retailers and marketers. The factors which influence their buying decisions from front-end identification of a need or desire to back-end fulfillment through market selection and procurement can be elucidated through examining the attributes and characteristics of these consumers (Cho Fiorito, 2008). This data may inform not only the identification of trends in consumerism, but also practical applications for web-based marketing applications. The first decade of the 21st century shows a domination of internet activity in many aspects of modernized cultures, where business to consumer marketing has proliferated (Dennis, Harris, Sandju, 2002). As knowledge increases regarding the factors that influence online fashion consumers, business can incorporate both the consumer characteristics and the technology aspects required to meet those consumer characteristic-driven choices (Kim Forsythe, Factors Affecting Adoption of Product Virtualization Technology for Online Consumer Electronics Shopping, 2009). The outcome is an optimal online fashion shopping environment that recognizes and adjusts to the influencing elements of its customer base. This research paper will explore those characteristics of the online fashion shopper, in order to better inform both business and technology requirements in this market segment. A comprehensive literature review on the topic is offered to illuminate the topic. A research strategy for examining the topic is given, with relevant design elements in the data-gathering instrument chosen for data acquisition. A conclusion is provided to highlight the main points of this research paper and to synthesize the topics. Research Question The research question for this thesis project is posed thusly: What are the attributes and characteristics of online fashion shoppers that influence their utilization of online shopping sites? 1.3 Objectives of Research The objectives of the research focus on the following areas: To examine the characteristic of online clothing customer. To explore the attitude of people toward online clothing purchasing.   To identify the factors for the use of online fashion shopping of computer-skilled people. To suggest areas of future research for online shopping that are informed by factors of technology acceptance models. The first two objectives of this research focus on consumer attributes. The third objective will be elucidated through exploring technology acceptance models. The final objective synthesizes the information gained from this research project. 1.4 Statement of General Topic Area: Online Fashion Shoppers, Defined Online shoppers are those consumers which have the following general characteristics which can inform the conceptualization of the particular consumer: They are computer-saavy (Dennis, Harris, Sandju, 2002). They have access to utilize a spending account that works with internal payment portals, such as a credit card, bank account, or paypal (Goldsmith Goldsmith, 2002). They seek expanded choice (Jayawardhena, Wright, Dennis, 2007). They seek convenience (Dixon Marsden, 2005). Psychologically, they seek immediate gratification (Zhou, Dai, Zhang, 2007). They shop for fashion items on the internet as a major shopping venue (Kim Kim, 2004). These generalities can be informed through further analysis in any one characteristic area. However, for conceptual purposes of this research paper, the online fashion shopper is a consumer of the modern age, encompassing the areas of technology in the internet age (Jayawardhena, Wright, Dennis, 2007). *BLANK PAGE BETWEEN CHAPTERS* CHAPTER 2: Literature Review 2.1 Fashion is a Gendered Practice Psychological antecedents exist in the research literature for online consumer behavior, yet fundamentally there is the issue of how fashion is perceived as a concept and how that conceptualisation affects cultural and societal perceptions. This is important to understand for its influences upon consumer behavior and the identification of consumer attributes. Fashion: An Overview In the modernized world of first world countries, asking the typical person on the street what is meant by fashion may likely get a response that has something to do with the way people dress. Others may see fashion as a trend in an of itself, as things pass in and out fashion. Yet commonly held ideas about fashion do indeed refer to the individual outward trappings that humans utilize to communicate their presence in the social sphere. These may be clothing, accessories like jewelry, or even items like tattoos or other types of body art. In essence, the making of a modern identity for the individual involves blending fashion with current social mores and attitudes (Entwhistle, 2000). Mears (2008) describes the concept of fashion in terms of how society chooses to communicate popular ideas of fashion through the use of fashion models on the catwalk. Here, posits Mears, the fashion model is constructed based on the floating norms of society, which are subject to the instability in gender ideations of society, and the whims of the cultural production markets. The instability between the rigid structures of the marketplace and an impossible idealized femininity are displayed in modern culture through the idea of the fashion model (Mears, 2008). Fashion, then, is not separate from the body. The body (self) and the items that dress the body are one; they are a reflection of the idea of gender in society (which is variable) and the product of cultural variances in the marketplace. Fashion, in essence, is the product of cultural ideas and practices about gender, place, social norms, and institutions. Concept of Gender Gender does not merely refer to the male/female dyad, in which stereotyped ways of acting are considered to be socially acceptable at any given point in social time. It is not only role ideals, though that is part of it the concept. Gender also encompasses issues of race, sexuality, geographic and spatial time and place, and social class as well (Healey, 2006). Gender also refers to sexual orientation, which may differ from ones biological reality. Buss (2010) reports that gender refers to mate selection, encompassing ideas of physical attractiveness, parental investment, reproductive capacity, and asymmetries between the maternal and paternal role. Those characteristics that were valued more by males had to do with reproductive capacity, while those characteristics valued by women dealt with resource acquisition. The cross cultural references can illuminate the ways in which the gender phenomena causes people to behave; the role of fashion, as one aspect of gender relations demonstrates the various cultural ways in which people may behave in order to choose suitable mates (Buss, 2010). Gender, as recognized as encompassing social ideas about male/female relationships and roles, as well as referring to the individual selection of mates based on male/female desirable characteristics, can inform the manner in which fashion, as a modern notion, is influenced by role stereotypes and evolutionary reproductive tendencies. Consider the role of the female model on the catwalk. Based on a construction of floating norms of society and marketplace vagaries, this idea of the female is highly sexualized, appealing to the male value of reproductive capacity in mate selection. The female idealization of the model is a communication not only to men, but also of women, stating that the ideal mate of the woman is one that can provide resources. It, the model of the catwalk fashion model, encompasses the evolutionary, social, and cultural communication desired by males, and recognized as such by females, through the manipulation of the fashion construct as a media tool of communication between the sexes (Entwhistle, 2000). Fashion, therefore, is essentially a gendered practice. Indeed, this is the practice of communication; the communication of ideas, values, desires, social ideas, and cultural norms is offered through the gender-infused evolutionary and anthropological elements of roles, mates, reproduction, and species survival (Buss, 2010). The example of the fashion model is one easy way to see the transfer of gender ideas. Male-valued ideas and female-valued conceptualizations are quickly viewed through sampling the fashion of a culture. Mate selection (sexuality, reproduction) as one aspect of the gender phenomenon, is provided through the media of fashion communication, which differs depending on time, place, and cultural influences. 2.2 Online Consumers Attributes Sorce, Perotti and Widrick (2005) studied age differences in online buying behavior. They studies 300 college students and staff from a United States university and looked for trends in attitudes based on age differences toward online shopping. Their results indicate that older and younger shoppers buy equally, though younger shoppers and especially first time online shoppers tend to be more varied in the products they buy, while older shoppers tend toward specificity in their buying behavior. Additionally, age differences in buying behavior can help retailers predict age-related product purchase variance, with older shoppers tending to purchase family-related items such as toys and sporting goods at a greater rate than younger shoppers, while younger shoppers tended to purchase items like music, technology, and health-related services as a greater rate than older shoppers. This age difference in product segmentation reflects a broader trend in generational internet use. Jones and Fo x (2009) report that the 18-32 year old age group are more tech-savvy digital natives engaging in a wide range of internet activities, while age groups above 32 years tend to use the internet for banking, shopping, and research (Jones Fox, 2009). Gender differences have also been researched as indicators of online shopping preferences (Kim Forsythe, Factors Affecting Adoption of Product Virtualization Technology for Online Consumer Electronics Shopping, 2009). The use of internet related activities has traditionally been apportioned to a male-dominated sphere (Jayawardhena, Wright, Dennis, 2007). Women perceive a higher level of risk in online shopping than men (Garbarino Strahilevitz, 2004). The trend from a male-dominated, pro-risk approach to internet use is changing, and women are fast closing the perceived gender gap in online utilization (Kim Forsythe, 2009). The male/female difference may be different depending on culture and sexual orientation. Weiser (2000) studied the factors that influence the use of the internet by women. A large survey sample of males and females was used to assess user preferences for internet use. Men preferred to use the internet for education and leisure, while women preferred to use it for communication and assistance with academics (Weiser, 2000). Wolf (2004) suggests that women tend to use emotion in their utilization of the internet, reflecting a stance that gender-based market psychology may inform retailers on how to construct their online portals. Rodgers and Harris (2003) report that three areas affect both men and womens use of e-commerce, those being emotion, trust, and convenience. Men report satisfaction with using the internet in these three area, while women report dissatisfaction in these same areas (Rodgers Harris, 2003). Income level is also positively correlated with online shopping utilization, regardless of gender or age differences (Zhou, Dai, Zhang, 2007). Forsythe and Shi (2003) posit that high internet users tend to have high incomes. They note that perceptions of risk in internet shopping tend to decrease as income level increases. Internet users tend to have more disposable income, which is a reflection on the fact that they use the internet at all. Bucy (2003) reports that internet use is lowest among single mothers, those in lower socioeconomic groups, and older low-income groups. Education has been reported to have an effect on online activity, though these reports have been mixed, ranging from no effect to increased effect of education on online activity (Zhou, Dai, Zhang, 2007). Oftentimes college users simply have greater access to internet resources than other groups, suggesting that simple access as a fundamental resource may impact the utilization of online e-commerce (Seock Norton, 2007). Mahmood, Bagchi, and Ford (2004), however, suggest that education is not an influencing factor in internet use, while the factors of trust and economic conditions are. Convenience is often cited in existing studies as a factor involved in online shopping (Demangeot Broderick, 2007). Park and Kim (2003) discuss the depersonalization of the shopping experience by the utilization of e-commerce. They note that users report a high utility in ease of gathering information and finding good quality through well-designed retail web interfaces, suggesting an overall satisfaction with the e-commerce as found in the factor of convenience. This view is disputed by Jayawardhena, Wright, and Dennis (2007), who find that convenience is not a principally motivating factor for online shopping; indeed, they report that the chief factors that influence online shopping are prior purchase and gender. Trust is another factor involved in online shopping behaviour and speaks to the attributes of the consumer. Women tend to be less trusting of internet shopping than men, and younger people tend to be more trusting of utilizing the internet than older people (Dennis, Harris, Sandju, 2002). Connolly and Bannister (2008) state that the consumers trust in online shopping relates to the perceived integrity of the retailer, and the perceived competence of the retailer. Integrity is based upon a social perception while competence is based upon a technological perception. Internet retailers who seek to engender trust in their customers must incorporate the e-commerce store front with the latest information technology combined with the latest consumer marketing research. How people choose to embrace technology is also an important consideration in internet marketing to online shoppers (Forsythe Shi, 2003). This element can be explained through the examination of various technology acceptance theories. 2.3 Technology Acceptance Theories Technology acceptance theories attempt to explain how and why people come to adopt and use new technology. While there are several models that exist to explain this phenomenon, this paper will report on four theories to place online fashion shoppers attributes within, to help illuminate the factors involved in explaining the utilization of online shopping. The factors of technology that influence online shoppers in how they utilize the internet will be analyzed through the survey instrument of this research project. Online Shopping Acceptance Model Zhou, Dai, and Zhang (2007) constructed an Online Shopping Acceptance Model, illustrating elements of the internet (technology) and attributes of the consumer, to show a flow process model incorporating the elements of motivation, innovation, perception, shopping orientation, normative beliefs, attitude, online experience, shopping intention, and satisfaction, resulting in the event of online shopping. This is an inclusive model, and draws together the salient marketing elements regarding online shopping. In the Zhou et al. (2007) study, the resulting construction of the OSAM offer future researchers a holistic way to approach the area of online shopping. Theory of Reasoned Action The theory of reasoned actions (TRA) was presented by Fishbein and Ajzen in 1980. The origins of the theory stem from the study of social psychology. This field attempts to explain why attitude may affect behavior. TRA seeks to explain and even forecast behaviour based on the beliefs, attitudes and intentions of people. An individuals behavior is a result of these three factors, according to the theory of reasoned actions model. According to Fishbein and Ajzen (1980), behaviour is driven by behavioural intention. A persons intentions stem from the attitude toward the behavior. Moreover, the behavior in addition to the subjective norms, are also affected. During ones lifetime, various beliefs can impact attitudes. Descriptive beliefs can be formed by personal experience, or gained by obtaining outside information. More generally, the more likable an object/concept is, the better the feeling regarding it, and the more unlikeable an object is, the more negative the feeling is regarding it. As a consequence, an individual makes an assessment about the outcomes of various behaviors. Indeed, the person will evaluate the desirability of these outcomes and associate either a positive or negative association with it. The TRA model. This model reports behavior as a consequence of intention to behave, which is prompted by the attitude toward the subjective norm. (adapted from Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980). Technology Acceptance Model The theory of reasoned action  was modified  and adapted into a new model, called the technology acceptance model (TAM). Whereas the TRA model uses  behaviour  and subjective norm, the TAM uses measures of technology acceptance. These measures are how people perceive the ease of use of the technology, and how useful they  perceive  it to be. These two acceptance measures are meant to inform on the intention of people to actually use the new technology.   Ease of use refers to the amount of  effort  the  person  perceives must be spent in using the technology, and usefulness refers to the perception of the person that the technology will  benefit  them in some way (Vijayasarathy, 2004). The following diagram illustrates the TAM: http://www8.org/w8-papers/1b-multimedia/integrated/im_03.gifSource: Sodergard et al. (1999). Diffusion of Innovations Model Diffusion of Innovations theory is the process by which new ideas and technology spread throughout society. DOI tells us how fast and why new ideas spread in the manner in which they do (Rogers, 1962; 2003, pp. 5-7). The communication process through which a new idea or technology is accepted by consumers is the diffusion rubric.   The rate of diffusion is the speed by which that innovation spreads from one consumer to another.   Consumers, by definition, become so through learning about new products, trying them out, and either accepting them or not.   Previous methods of getting market knowledge to consumers was through utilizing the tools of mass marketing, which is essentially a catch-all process, and is both time-intensive and expensive.   Following mass marketing came the use of market strategies that identified and targeted heavy users of a product (Bass, 2004).   This has since evolved into consumer-specific, early adopter model of consumer behavior marketing. The D iffusion of Innovations theory tells us how this happens (Im, Mason, Houston, 2007, pp. 63-66). The following diagram provides a snapshot of DOI theory: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Diffusionofideas.PNG/330px-Diffusionofideas.PNG As the diagram shows, an innovation has adopter categories. These categories are based upon a consumers innovativeness, or likelihood to use the innovation, which can be plotted on an S-curve (Rogers E. , 1962; 2003). Early adopters have more innovativeness than laggards or late adopters. As more consumers adopt the technology (shown in blue), the market share (shown in yellow) will reach market saturation; diffusion of innovation in consumer behaviors thus tells us that once an innovation spreads to a certain point in the consumer base, the market becomes saturated (Rogers, 1962; 2003) (Wikipedia, 2010). Four Key Elements of Diffusion of Innovations Theory DOI theory harnesses the concepts of innovation, communication, time, and social system (the target arena), to explain how and at what rate new ideas move through society and from person to person (or more appropriately, consumer to consumer) (Rogers, 1962; 2003). One can imagine the spread of information about a new idea; one person learns of it, tells another person, that person tells another person, and so on until the innovation idea is spread throughout society. In marketing, this concept works on consumer behavior at a micro-level; someone tries out a new product, tells another person about it, that person tries it and tells another person about it, and so on. Often we here about these ideas, as found in common phrases such as word of mouth is the best advertising, or put your money where your mouth is, and one good turn deserves another; these types market-related processes where the consumer is the biggest advertiser is one example of product/idea diffusion as found in DOI th eory (Solomon, 2004, p. 174). To reiterate, the key elements of Diffusion of Innovations Theory are: Innovation: the change, the idea, the product that is being launched. Communication: the methods through which the information about the idea are being disseminated. Time: the process by which a person (consumer) makes a decision about the innovation, and the speed by which the innovation is adopted by others. Social System: the cohesive arena of people engaged in seeking a common goal. (Rogers, 1962; 2003, pp. 17-24). Decision Making in Diffusion of Innovation Theory A consumer (this report is focusing on consumer behavior) is exposed to an innovation, whether it be a new product or service, and must make a decision about it; will they use it, like it, reject it? The process of decision making in innovations follows a three step model: Optional Innovation Decision: the decision about the innovation is made by a consumer who is somehow different from other consumers in the same social system. Collective Innovation Decision: the decision about the innovation is made by all the consumers within the particular social system. Authority-Innovation Decision: the decision about the innovation is made by one consumer, a leader, an authority figure or figures who are in a position of power. (Rogers, 1962; 2003, p. 372). Some types of decisions are dependent upon decisions made about other innovations. For example, a housewife will not be able to trial a new cleaning product until her local store makes the decision to stock the product. That is called a contingent decision innovation (Persichitte, Tharpe, Caffarella, 1999). Adoption Process in Innovation Decision Making Within DOI theory, there is a decision making process as generally outlined above, as well as a finer decision making process consisting of five stages, known as the Adoption process. The following model details the Adoption process: http://www.fidis.net/typo3temp/tx_rlmpofficelib_8cb7cf257e.png (Royer, 2010). Knowledge: the consumer does not have enough information to make a decision, and may not yet be inspired to seek the information. Persuasion: the consumer is actively engaged in seeking information about an innovation. Decision: the consumer is weighing the pros and cons of the innovation, and may have trouble making a decision. Implementation: the consumer is trialing the innovation, and determining its usefulness. Confirmation: the consumer is finalizing their decision about the innovation. (Rogers, 1962; 2003, p. 83). This is a highly dynamic process, and while the consumer is moved through the stages, this process may rely as much on psychological inputs and variances as it does on hard empirical facts (Kleijnena, Leeb, Wetzels, 2009). Factors Affecting Adoption of Innovations The speed at which an innovation is accepted/adopted depends upon the category of the adopter. A consumer can be a respected person and thus with a vast social network to draw upon, the adopter(s) can be a group of consumers who will heavily use the innovation, or the adopter can be one of the early variety who is influenced by positive messages about the innovation. Through influencing the adoption process, consumer behavior can be directed toward moving the innovations acceptance toward a place on the DOI curve known as critical mass, where the innovations use and adoption are self-sustaining (Rogers E. , 2004). Innovations have inherent characteristics that act upon a consumers choice of adoption or rejection.   First the innovation has some type of relative advantage over its predecessors; second is that the innovation has the quality of compatibility to be utilized in the consumers life; the innovation must be sufficiently complex but not too complex for the consumer to use; the innovation must be able to be trialed with relative ease; and finally the innovation that has high visibility to others is more likely to be adopted by peer consumers (Tornatsky Klein, 1982, pp. 28-30).   Applicable to online fashion shopping, one can meet the conceptual requirements of innovations, in that online shopping is more convenient than visiting brick and mortar stores, online fashion shopping for those that prefer to do their fashion shopping over the internet is highly compatible with the consumers preferences, online shopping for the skilled computer user is very ease to use, and the prevalence a nd spread of e-commerce makes online fashion shopping an attractive venue for the savvy fashion shopping population who use computers. Consequences of Decisions When a consumer makes a decision, there will be some type of consequence or outcome (Burt, 1987). Three categories characterize the nature of these consequences: Desirable vs. Undesirable Direct vs. Indirect Anticipated vs. Unanticipated (Hubner, 1996) (Rogers E. , 1962; 2003). A consumers choice to use one product over another may have undesirable, indirect, and unanticipated consequences, such as the choice to buy fashion apparel online rather than at the locally based brick and mortar store. Where the brick and mortar store supports the local economy in which it exists, providing jobs and taxes, the internet based retailer may be not locally based, thus taking away monies from the local shops that may suffer economically. 2.4 Summary of the Literature The literature thus presented has focused on the concepts of fashion and gender, attributes of online consumers, and technology acceptance models. While e-commerce is a product of the internet age, the field of research regarding online fashion shopping behavior and attributes of online fashion shoppers clearly leaves room for discovery. At best, the antecedents in the research literature offer a way to forward in the research through exploring the new face of consumerism in the age of technology. The idea that is emerging in research into online shopping is that new models are coming to the forefront which offers a holistic picture of the factors that influence the final outcome of product/service purchase. On one hand there is the consumer, and on the other hand there is technology. In between the two facets are many influencing factors, which through the survey questionnaire designed for this research, some of those issues will be examined. CHAPTER 3: Research Strategy Conceptualization of the Issue The purpose of this chapter is to define the methodology used to evaluate issues associated with online fashion shoppers. Given the growing prevalence of e-commerce and the spread of available internet to populations across the world, the nature of the consumer as a field of study is of high relevance. The attributes and characteristics of the consumer may change with time, place, and influencing social climates. While various technology acceptance models exist to explain how people come to adopt/accept the use of technology, the particular factors within th